The effect of neurobiofeedback training on cognitive functions in elderly people with COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29038/2617-4723-2022-2-12Keywords:
COVID-19, neurobiofeedback training, P300, cognitive functions, MoSA, old age, EEGAbstract
The COVID-19 virus, which has infected millions of people worldwide, is causing a variety of problems,
including psychiatric, economic, educational, and medical. Many studies have reported that COVID-19 affects blood
vessels, mainly microvessels, damaging the microcirculatory system of organs. The brain is not an exception, and this is
manifested by the degradation of the latter's functions.
The most vulnerable group, with a higher risk of complications, for this infection are the elderly. That is why, in
particular, methods of cognitive rehabilitation for this category of persons are very relevant. Neurobiofeedback training
(NBT) can be one of these methods. NBT is a non-invasive, safe and effective method of regulating the functional state
of the brain. NBT is now widely used for prevention and rehabilitation of brain diseases and improvement of human
executive functions and has become an important area of research around the world.
From our previous experiment of using NBT for the category of elderly people, we obtained results demonstrating a
reduction in latency and an increase in the amplitude of P300, which was manifested in the improvement of executive
functions.
In this NBT study, we tested whether COVID-19 affects cognitive function. We collected P300-based
electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and Montreal Cognitive Test (MoCA) responses from 26 subjects between 2 and 6
months after infection with COVID-19. Based on the t-test analysis, it was observed that there is a significant difference
between the test groups before and after the application of the training, compared to the control group according to the
MoSA results.
On the other hand, the statistical significance of P300 does not reflect the difference for both groups, although the
difference is visually noticeable. The reason may be the small number of subjects.
References
World_Health_Organization. Caronavirus disease (COVID-19). 2021; Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019, accessed on 13 April 2020.
Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos One, 15(4): e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
Iadecola, C., Anrather, J., Kamel, H. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.028
Orrщ, G., Conversano, C., Malloggi, E., Francesconi, F., Ciacchini, R., Gemignani, A. (2020). Neurological complications of COVID-19 and possible neuroinvasion pathways: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18): 6688. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186688
Kayaaslan B, Eser F, Kalem AK, Kaya G, Kaplan B, Kacar D, et al. Post-COVID syndrome: A single-center questionnaire study on 1007 participants recovered from COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021; 93 (12):6566–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27198 PMID: 34255355
Pilotto A, Cristillo V, Cotti Piccinelli S, Zoppi N, Bonzi G, Sattin D, et al. Long-term neurological manifes-tations of COVID-19: prevalence and predictive factors. Neurol Sci. 2021;1–16 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05586-4 PMID: 34523082
Fernґandez-De-las-peсas C, Palacios-Ceсa D, Goґmez-Mayordomo V, Cuadrado ML, Florencio LL. Defining post-covid symptoms (Post-acute covid, long covid, persistent post-covid): An integrative clas-sification. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(5):1–9.
Ciceri, F., Beretta, L., Scandroglio, A.M., Colombo, S., Landoni, G., Ruggeri, A., Peccatori, J., D'Angelo, A., De Cobelli, F., Rovere-Querini, P., Tresoldi, M., Dagna, L., Zangrillo, A. (2020). Microvascular COVID-19 lungvessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): An atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 22(2): 95-97.
Roberts, K.A., Colley, L., Agbaedeng, T.A., Ellison-Hughes, G.M., Ross, M.D. (2020). Vascular manifestations of COVID-19–thromboembolism and microvascular dysfunction. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 7: 215. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.598400
Sabioni, L., De Lorenzo, A., Lamas, C., Muccillo, F., Castro-Faria-Neto, H.C., Estato, V., Tibirica, E. (2021). Systemic microvascular endothelial dysfunction and disease severity in COVID-19 patients: Evaluation by laser Doppler perfusion monitoring and cytokine/chemokine analysis. Microvascular Research, 134: 104119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104119
Caronna E, Alpuente A, Torres-Ferrus M, Pozo-Rosich P. Toward a better understanding of persistent headache after mild COVID-19: Three migraine-like yet distinct scenarios. Headache. 2021; 61 (8):1277–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14197 PMID: 34363619
Kincaid KJ, Kung JC, Senetar AJ, Mendoza D, Bonnin DA, Purtlebaugh WL, et al. Post-COVID seizure: A new feature of “long-COVID”. eNeurologicalSci [Internet]. 2021; 23:100340. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100340 PMID: 33898792
Poloni TE, Medici V, Zito A, Carlos AF, The long COVID-19 in order adults: facts and conjecnures. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17: 2679-81
Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature 2022; 604: 697–707.
Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, Luciano S, Harrison PJ. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8: 416–27. Sangare A, Dong A, Valente M, Pyatigorskaya N, Cao A, Altmayer V, et al. Neuroprognostication of consciousness recovery in a patient with covid-19 related encephalitis: Preliminary findings from a multi-modal approach. Brain Sci. 2020; 10(11):1–13.
Carroll E, Neumann H, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Lighter J, Czeisler BM, Melmed K, et al. Post–COVID-19 inflammatory syndrome manifesting as refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2020; 61(10):e135–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16683 PMID: 32944946
Kamal M, Abo Omirah M, Hussein A, Saeed H. Assessment and characterisation of post-COVID-19 manifestations. Int J Clin Pract. 2021; 75(3):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13746 PMID: 32991035
Blitshteyn S, Whitelaw S. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other autonomic dis-orders after COVID-19 infection: a case series of 20 patients. Immunol Res [Internet]. 2021; 69(2):205–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-021-09185-5 PMID: 33786700
Hayden MC, Limbach M, Schuler M, Merkl S, Schwarzl G, Jakab K, et al. Effectiveness of a Three-Week Inpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program for Patients after COVID-19: A Prospective Obser-vational Study. 2021;
Baptista AF, Baltar A, Okano AH, Moreira A, Campos ACP, Fernandes AM, et al. Applications of Non-invasive Neuromodulation for the Management of Disorders Related to COVID-19. Front Neurol. 2020; 11(November):1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.573718 PMID: 33324324
Gruzelier JH. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews EEG-neurofeedback for optimising perfor-mance. III: A review of methodological and theoretical considerations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev [Inter-net]. 2014; 44:159–82. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.015
Enriquez-Geppert S, Huster RJ, Herrmann CS. EEG-neurofeedback as a tool to modulate cognition and behavior: A review tutorial. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017; 11(February):1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00051 PMID: 28275344
Hardt J, Kamiya J. IEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARI AEXA lJlalographic Alpha Feedback Seen Only in High Anxiety Subjects. Science (80-). 1978; 201(July):79–81.
Walker JE. QEEG-guided neurofeedback for recurrent migraine headaches. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2011; 42(1):59–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005941104200112 PMID: 21309444
Hammer BU, Colbert AP, Brown KA, Ilioi EC. Neurofeedback for insomnia: A pilot study of Z-score SMR and individualized protocols. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2011; 36(4):251–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-011-9165-y PMID: 21789650
Nan W, Rodrigues JP, Ma J, Qu X, Wan F, Mak PI, et al. Individual alpha neurofeedback training effect on short term memory. Int J Psychophysiol [Internet]. 2012; 86(1):83–7. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.182 PMID: 22864258
Бранюк С.В. Зміни Р300 при нейробіозворотному тренінгу у осіб літнього віку. Науковий вісник Східноєвропейського національного університету імені Лесі Українки. Серія: Біологічні науки, 2020, 1 (389)
Гнездицкий В.В. Вызванные потенциалы мозга в клинической практике. – Издательство Таганрогского государственного радиотехнического университета, 1997. –102-104 с.
Tiago C. C. Pinto, Leonardo Machado, Tatiana M. Bulgacov, Antônio L. Rodrigues-Júnior, Maria L. G. Costa. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) screening superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in the elderly? // International Psychogeriatrics. — 04 2019. — Т. 31, вып. 4. — С. 491–504. — ISSN 1741-203X. — doi:10.1017/S1041610218001370.
Бранюк С.В. Вплив нейрофідбек тренінгу на виконавчі функції у осіб похилого віку. Науковий вісник Східноєвропейського національного університету імені Лесі Українки. Серія: Біологічні науки, 2018, 8 (381)
Безруков, В. В.; Бачинська, Н.Ю.; Холін, В.О.; Демченко, О.В.; Полєтаєва, К.М.; Шулькевич, А.А. Синдром помірних когнітивних порушень при старінні:Метод. рек; Київ, 2007, 32 с.
Polich J. P300 in clinical applications: meaning, method, and measurement Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields 3rd ed. Eds. E. Niedermeyer, F. Lopes da Silva. Baltimore: William & Wilkins 1993; 35—60.
Polich J. P300 from a passive auditory paradigm. EEG Clin Neurophysiol 1989; 74: 312—320.
Гнездицкий В.В. Вызванные потенциалы мозга в клинической практике. – Издательство Таганрогского государственного радиотехнического университета, 1997. –102-104 с.
Гнездицкий В.В. Вызванные потенциалы мозга в клинической практике. – Издательство Таганрогского государственного радиотехнического университета, 1997. –110-116 с.
Shestakova, A.N.; Service,E.; Gorin, A.A.; Krugliakova, E.S. Cortical responses of 7–10-year-old children to easy and difficult contrasts in discrimination of pseudowords. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics;2015,Vol. 12,N 4, рр64–80.
Soveri, A.; Antfolk, J.; Karlsson, L.; Salo, B.; Laine, M. Working memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2017, 24, 1077–1096.
Nouchi, R.; Nouchi, H.; Dinet, J.; Kawashima, R. Cognitive Training with Neurofeedback Using NIRS Improved Cognitive Functions in Young Adults: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 5.
Acevedo, B.P.; Dattatri, N.; Le, J.; Lappinga, C.; Collins, N.L. Cognitive Training with Neurofeedback Using fNIRS Improves Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5531.
Hou, J.; Jiang, T.; Fu, J.; Su, B.; Wu, H.; Sun, R.; Zhang, T. The Long-Term Efficacy of Working Memory Training in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 22 Randomized Controlled Trials. J. Gerontol. Ser. B 2020, 75, E174–E188.
Korkmaz O. E.; Aydemir O.; Oral E. A.; Ozbek I. Y.; Investigating the Effect of COVID-19 Infection on P300 Based BCI Application Performance: Traitement du Signal Vol. 38, No. 6, December, 2021, pp. 1767-1773 Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/ts
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
